- Energy requirement / energy systems
- Immediate energy requirement
- store ATP and phosphagenリン酸源 energy system
- 1-15sec (completely depleted within 20-30 sec)
- Short term energy requirement
- Glycolytic (break down of glucose)
- Glycogenolytic (break down of glycogen)
- 30-4 min
- Long duration energy requirement
- Oxidative (aerobic)
- activities lasting longer than -4min
- Immediate energy requirement
- Oxygen uptake
- VO2
- the volume of oxygen utilization by the tissues.
- Reflects the capacity to transport and utilize O2
- expressed…….
- Absolute –L O2/min
- Relative – ml O2/kg/min
- Resting energy generation exclusively aerobic (oxidative)
- VO2
-
Maximal oxygen uptake
- VO2 max considered as the “Gold Standard” of cardiorespiratory/cardiovascular fitness.
- Factors
- Ability to transport and deliver O2 to working tissues
- Ability of the muscles to take up and produce ATP aerobically
- Genetics
- Training
- Evaluation
- Incremental testing protocols
-
Rest-to-exercise transitions
- Requirement for ATP production immediately.
- Oxygen uptake increases rapidly.
- Reaches steady state within 1-4 minutes
- After steady state is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production.
- Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways.
- ATP-PC system
- Glycolysis
-
Oxygen deficit
- （運動の最初は無酸素エネルギー系が優位なはずなのにoxygen deficitが出てくるのはなんでなんやろう？ATPの必要絶対量が安静時よりも圧倒的に増えるから、割合では有酸素運動系は低くても、有酸素を使ってるってこと？？いや、違うな。ETCが回るまでには時間がかかるな。うーんわからん。2/2 2017)
- Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise.
- Difference between O2 uptake in the first few min of exercise and an equal time period after steady state has been achieved.
- the requirement for O2 at the beginning of exercise increases, but oxygen consumption lags behind.
- Indicates that energy needs are being met anaerobically, how?
- Stores ATP and phosphagen activation
- Glycolysis
- Stored O2 on hemoglobin
- Stored O2 on myoglobin
- Trained and untrained subjects
- Trained subjects have a lower oxygen deficit
- Trained reach steady state quicker.
- Untrained 2-4 min
- Trained 1-2min 無酸素に頼らなくても有酸素でなんとかなるってことやな。
- Trained reach steady state quicker.
- Due to adaptations in either or both cardiovascular or muscular systems
- Trained subjects have a lower oxygen deficit
- Significance
- Aerobic bioenergetic system is activated earlier, so less reliance on glycolytic/glycogenolytic system
- Results in less production of lactate and H+
-
Recovery from exercise
- Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into recovery.
- Historically termed “Oxygen debt”, now known as “excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)”. 運動後過剰酸素消費量
- Term used by A.V. Hill
- Repayment for O2 deficit at onset of exercise.
- Amount of oxygen consumption after cessation of exercise.
- Term used by A.V. Hill
- 2 phases of EPOC
- Rapid portion
- Steep portion of curve
- 0-3 min of recovery from exercise
- Slow portion
- Slower flatter portion curve
- 3-30 min of recovery from exercise
- Rapid portion
-
During EPOC
- Rapid portion
- Resynthesis of stored ATP and PCr (by what? aerobic?)
- Replenishing muscle and blood O2 stores
- Slow portion
- Elevated metabolic rate is due to elevation in
- heart rate, ventilation, hormones, body temperature
- Removal of lactic acid C3H6O3
- ~20% is converted to glycogen (glycogenesis)
- ~70% is oxidized to ATP and water (Krebs cycle – ETC?)
- ~10% is converted to amino acids (primarily leucineC6H13NO2)
- Elevated metabolic rate is due to elevation in
- EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption)
- terminology reflects that only ~20% elevated O2 consumption used to “repay” O2 deficit. ????????????
- Rapid portion
-
“excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)”. 運動後過剰酸素消費量
- EPOC is greater following higher intensity exercise
- Higher body temperature
- Greater depletion of PC
- Additional O2 required for resynthesis
- Greater blood concentrations of lactic acid
- Greater level of glyconeogenesis
- Lactic acid is removed more rapidly with light exercise in recovery –optimal intensity is 30-40% VO2 max
- Higher levels of blood epinephrine and norepinephrine
- EPOC is greater following higher intensity exercise
- Metabolic responses to short-term, intense exercise
- Oxygen uptake increases linearly until maximal oxygen uptake is reached.
- VO2 max
- Physiological ceiling for delivery of O2 to muscle
- Affected by genetics and training
- Physiological factors influencing VO2 max
- Maximum ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle
- Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP aerobically
-
Lactate Threshold
- Early stages of incremental exercise, most energy is supplied from oxidative sources (La ~1-2 mmol/liter of blood)
- Lactate threshold : the point at which blood lactate rises exponentially (non-linear) during incremental exercise is referred to as “lactate threshold”
- Appears at 50-60% VO2 max in untrained subjects
- At higher work rates (65-80% VO2 max) in trained subjects
- a.k.a. Anaerobic threshold
- OBLA (Onset of blood lactate accumulation)
- Blood lactate levels reach 4mmol/L
- VO2 max + lactate threshold = very strong predictor of endurance performance.
- Very effective means in determining training intensity
- Mechanisms
- Low muscle oxygen
- Accelerated glycolysis
- Recruitment of fast-twitch fibers
- Reduced rate of lactate removal
-
Methods of estimating energy expenditure
-
Direct calorimetry
- the rate of heart production in an individual is directly proportional to the metabolic rate
- Process of measuring rate via heat production is called direct calorimetry
- Shortcoming : requires special chamber, expensive, slow.
-
Indirect calorimetry
- Direct relationship in O2 consumed and heat produced in body.
- Carbohydrate and fat metabolism requires O2 and produces CO2 and water.
- Measuring the O2 consumed and CO2 produced at is an indirect estimate of metabolic rate and caloric expenditure.
- most common –Open-Circuit Spirometry 肺活量測定
-
-
Energy Expenditure
- Respiratory Exchange Ratio (R / RER)
- R : is the ratio of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced (VCO2/VO2)
- Only measured during steady state. This is important because only during steady-state exercise are the VCO2 and VO2 reflective of metabolic exchange of gasses in tissues.
- O2 requirement and CO2 produced during the oxidation of CHO/FAT/PRO differ greatly.
- Fat oxidation requires more O2 to be metabolized because carbs contain more O2
- Respiratory Exchange Ratio (R / RER)
-
Estimation of fuel utilization during exercise
- Respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R) R=VCO2/VO2
-
R for fat (palmitic acids-an example of fatty acid.)
- C16H32O2 + 23O2 ➡︎ 16CO2 + 16H2O
- R=VCO2/VO2=16CO2/23 O2 = 0.70
-
R for carbohydrate (glucose)
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➡︎ 6CO2 + 6H2O
- R=VCO2/VO2=6CO2/6O2 = 1.00
- During a 30 minute run an individual consumes 90 liter of oxygen and expires 72 liters of CO2.
- (VCO2 / VO2) = R. (72 L CO2 / 90 L O2) = 0.75
- 4.74 kcal x 90 L O2 = 426.6 kcal
- 1 L O2 30 Min 30 min
- RER of 0.75 =17% CHO / 83% FAT
- 426.6 kcal x 0.83 = 353.58 kcal from FAT
-
353.58 kcal fat x (1 gm fat / 9 kcal) = 39.28 grams FAT
- 426.6 kcal x 0.17 = 72.52 kcal from CHO
- (72.52 kcal) x (1 gm CHO / 4 kcal) = 18.13 grams CHO
- Exercise intensity and fuel selection
- Protein contribution as an energy source is relatively low, 2-5% daily.
- May increase up to 15% during long duration exercise
- Is not included in R values.
- What determines fuel being used during exercise?
- Diet
- Exercise intensity
- Low intensity exercise (less than 30% VO2 max)
- Fats
- High intensity exercise (more than 70% VO2 max)
- Carbohydrates
- Low intensity exercise (less than 30% VO2 max)
- Exercise duration
- Protein contribution as an energy source is relatively low, 2-5% daily.
- Crossover concept
- best describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases. Due to:
- Recruitment of fast muscle fibers
- Increasing blood levels of epinephrine
- best describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases. Due to:
- Shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism during prolonged exercise
- Due to an increased rate of lipolysis (triglycerides ➡︎ glycerol + FFA)
- Stimulated by rising blood levels of epinephrine
- Is low intensity exercise best for burning fat?
- At low exercise intensities (~20% VO2 max, R=0.8)
- High percentage of energy expenditure (~67%) derived from fat
- However, total energy expended is low (3kcal/minこの値はどこから？)
- Total fat oxidation if also low (2kcal/minこの値はどこから？)
- 30min of exercise
- TOTAL 3kcal/min=90kcal
- 67% fat=60kcal. 33% carbs=30kcal
- At higher exercise intensities (~60% VO2 max, R=0.9)
- Lower percentage of energy (~33%) from fat
- Total energy expended is higher (9kcal/minこの値はどこから？)
- Total fat oxidation is also higher (3kcal/min)
- 30min of exercise
- TOTAL 9kcal/min=270kcal
- 33% fat = 90 kcal, 67% carbs = 180 kcal
- Optimal intensity for exercise can be misleading
- unless you consider both rate of energy expenditure and percentage contribution.
- At low exercise intensities (~20% VO2 max, R=0.8)
未分類
Psychology (ch3. the biological foundations of behavior)
-
-
features
- complex system -100 billion neurons
- integrated -up to 10,000 connections
- adaptable -plasticity : capacity for change
- electochemical transmission
-
Pathways
- Afferent nerves
- information to the brain
- Afferent Arrive the brain
- Efferent nerves
- information away from the brain and spinal cord
- Efferent Exit the brain
- Afferent nerves
-
Division of the nervous system
- Central nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord – the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body
- Peripheral nervous system
- network of nerves that connect the CNS to the other parts of the body
- organs
- skin
- muscles
- Somatic nervous system
- sensory neurons
- motor motor neurons
- Autonomic nervous system – regulate unconscious processes
- sympathetic system
- arouses the body to mobilize it for action
- Fight or Flight
- parasympathetic system
- calms the body
- Rest and digest
- sympathetic system
- network of nerves that connect the CNS to the other parts of the body
- Central nervous system
-
Cells of the nervous system
- Neurons
- nerve cells that handle information processing ~100 billion in the brain
- The average neuron can have up to 10,000 connections with other cells.
- Mirror neurons – respond to sensory and motor information. (これは初めて聞いた。）
- Structure
- Cell body
- contain the nucleus
- directs the manufacture of substances needed for cell growth and maintenance
- Dendrites
- receive information
- Axon
- carries information away from the cell body
- fluids contain electrically charged particles called ions
- Na+, K+, Cl-
- semipermeable membrane : ion channels
- Polarization – difference between charges on the outside and inside of the neuron creates a resting potential
- Resting potential : the stable charge of an inactive neuron : -70 mV
- Myelin sheath
- layer of fat
- insulators (speeding up transmission)
- myelin sheath developed as the nervous system evolved
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 多発性硬化症（ＭＳ）
- hardened myelin sheath
- cause -double vision, weakness, tingling sensations.
- Cell body
- Glial cells
- provide support and nutrition to nerve cells
- provide support and nutrition to nerve cells
- Neurons
-
Synaptic transmission
- Synapse
- small gaps between neurons
- from the axon’s terminal button to the dendrites/cell body of the receiving neuron
- Neurotransmitters
- Chemical substances that are stored in tiny sacs in the terminal button
- transmit information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron
- 2 types
- excitatory – increase the likelihood of action potentials
- inhibitory – decrease the likelihood of action potentials
- ex) Acetylcholine, GABA, Glutamate, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Endorphin, Oxytocin
- Acetylcholine
- Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) ガンマアミノ酪酸
- Glutamate
- Norepinephrine
- Type : excitatory and inhibitory
- Released during the stress response
- Actions : regulates stress response. alertness
- Inhibits firing in the CNS
- Excites the heart, intestines, and urogenital tract
- Increase NE : jittery神経過敏の, agitated, stressed
- Decrease NE : depression
- Dopamine (DA)
- Type : excitatory
- Actions : Controls voluntary movement, regulates sleep, mood, attention, learning
- Increase DA and DA receptors : Schizophrenia 精神分裂病
- Decrease DA : Parkinson’s disease振顫(しんせん)まひ. jerky movements
- Serotonin
- Actions : Regulates sleep, mood, attention, and learning
- Decrease 5HT(??) levels :
- associated with depression
- Prozac(抗うつ薬) slows the re-uptake of serotonin
- 15 type of serotonin receptors in the brain. 結構多いんやね！
- Endorphins
- Type : inhibitory
- Natural opiates あへん剤、鎮静剤、麻薬
- Depress NS??? activity, eliminating pain
- ex) car wrecks
- Mediates the feelings of pain and pleasure
- Morphines (opium) mimics the action of endorphins
- Oxytocin
- a neurotransmitter and a hormone
- Actions : love and social bonding
- Related to the onset of lactation / breastfeeding
- birth = increase oxytocin levels in the mother
- Synapse
- What happens to the NTs after they are released?
- Broken down in the synapse by enzymes
- Diffuse away
- Re-uptake by the original neuron
- Drugs
- Agonistic drugs 受容体刺激薬の
- a type of receptor ligand that enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter
- HOW!?!?!?磁石みたいにneurotransmittersを引き付けるのか？
- Antagonist drugs 拮抗薬
- a type of receptor ligand that blocks or dampens the effect of the neurotransmitter.
- Agonistic drugs 受容体刺激薬の
- Neural networks
- Interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory and motor input. 体の様々な部分からくる情報を簡素化するため？？
- Allows the information to be distributed across the cortex – allowing them to make hundreds or thousands of connections
Amplifies the brains computing power
- Interconnected pathways of nerve cells that integrate sensory and motor input. 体の様々な部分からくる情報を簡素化するため？？
-
- Studying the brain
- Brain lesioning 脳病変
- Disruption of brain tissue, resulting from injury or disease
- Indicates functions of different structures
- Can be done surgically (animal studies) or as naturally occurring phenomena (e.g. stroke)
- Electro-encephalograph
- Brain imaging
- X-ray
- CT scan : computerized axial tomography
- PET : positron emission tomography 陽電子放射断層撮影(glucose consumption)
- MRI : Magnetic resonance imaging
- fMRI : functional MRI
- TMS : transcranial magnetic stimulation 経頭蓋磁気刺激法
- The organization of the brain
- Hindbrain 後脳: the skull’s rear…. lowest portion of the brain
- Medulla :
- Where the spinal cord enters the brain
- Controls vital functions (breathing, regulate reflexes)
- Pons
- Connects the cerebellum & brainstem
- Involved in sleep and arousal
- Cerebellum
- motor co-ordination
- Medulla :
- Midbrain : contains nerve fibers which connect the higher an lower portion of the brain
- Relays into between the brain -eyes&ears
- Substantia nigra
- dopamine rich : parkinsons damages this structure
- Reticular formation
- Collection of neurons involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior
- Eg. walking, sleeping, attending to a sudden noise.
- Forebrain : largest division of the brain
- Limbic system – memory and emotion
- Amygdala (2)
- Discrimination 区別, 識別(力), 眼識 of objects necessary for the organisms survival
- Active in the response to unpredictable stimuli
- Hipocampus
- formation and recall of memories
- Amygdala (2)
- Thalamus (これはforebrainの一部なのか？？）
- relay station for sensory information
- Basal ganglia
- Coordination of voluntary movements
- Habitual activities : automatic processing
- Damage to the basal ganglia results in
- Unwanted movements, or too little movement
- Hypothalamus
- Eating, drinking, sexual behaviors
- Regulation of the body’s internal state
- Emotion, stress, reward
-
Cerebral cortex
- cortex = “bark” outer layer of the brain
- Neocortex : new bark
- Outermost part of the cerebral cortex
- the wrinkled surface of the cerebral cortex is divided into 2 halves
- 4 regions
- Occipital
- vision
- Temporal
- hearing, language processing, memory
- Frontal
- personality, intelligence, voluntary muscles
- Pre-frontal cortex
- executive control system
- higher cognitive function, planning.
- Parietal
- spatial location, attention, motor control
- Occipital
- Areas in the cerebral cortex
- Somatosensory cortex
- processes information about bodily sensations
- located in the front of the parietal lobe
- Motor cortex
- process information about voluntary movement
- located at the rear of the of the frontal lobes
- Dr. Wilder Penfield….point to point mapping
- Somatosensory cortex
- Association cortex
- the cerebral cortex that integrate sensory and motor information
- 75% of the cerebral cortex
- The largest portion of the association cortex is in the frontal lobes
- Damage leads to loss of executive functions（実行機能）
- Limbic system – memory and emotion
- Hindbrain 後脳: the skull’s rear…. lowest portion of the brain
- Split-brain research
- Hemisphere
- Left hemisphere : verbal processing, speech, grammar
- Right hemisphere : spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion
- The corpus callosum connects the two hemisphere
- bundle of axons
- bundle of axons
- Hemisphere
- Brain lesioning 脳病変
- The endocrine system
- gland : organ / tissue that produces hormones
- hormones : chemical messengers of the endocrine system
- Relatively slow communication system
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are fast
- Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
- Hypothalamus : controls the pituitary
- Pituitary : growth, controls the other glands
- Thyroid : controls metabolic rate
- Pancreas : digestion and hormones; levels of insulin and metabolic rate
- Adrenal glands : mood, energy levels, coping with stress; fight or flight
- Ovaries / testes : sexual development and characteristics
- Relatively slow communication system
- Brain damage
- Repairing the damaged brain
- Collateral sprouting : axons of adjacent neurons grow new branches
- Substitution of function : other areas of the brain take over for the damaged area
- Neurogenesis : the process by which new neurons are generated
- Brain tissue grafts : implants of healthy tissue into damaged brain
- Repairing the damaged brain
- Genes and behavior
- Chromosomes, genes, and DNA
- 46 chromosomes
- Chromosomes are composed of DNA
- Genes : short segments of the chromosome
- direction and regulation of proteins
- determines what cells will become what neurons, bone cells, etc.
- 46 chromosomes
- Molecular genetics
- Manipulation of genes to determine behavioral effects, susceptibility to diseases, etc.
- Selective breeding
- organisms chosen based on traits displayed
- Human genome project
- Documentation of the human genomeAllows for special genetic treatments
- Dominant-recessive genes principle
- In pairs of genes, if one is dominant and the other is recessive, the dominant overrides
- Recessive genes only express if both genes in the pair are recessive
- Gregor Mendel (mid-1800s) — crossbreeding pea plants
- Behavior genetics
- The study of the degree and nature of heredity’s influence on behavior
- Twin studies: identical and fraternal
- Nature vs. nurture
- Chromosomes, genes, and DNA
- Genes and the environment
- Environment alters how genetic traits develop and express
- Genotype : genetic heritage; actual genetic material
- Phenotype : observable characteristics, both physical and psychological
-
Genotype + environment = phenotype (これは納得）
- Psychology’s biological foundations
- Stress : the response to environmental stressors
- Stressors :
- circumstances and events that cause physiological changes that ready the body for the oncoming stress
- Chronic stress may lead to persistent autonomic nervous system arousal and even immune system collapse
留学３ヶ月前に学校を変えた理由
少し長くなりますが、僕に起こった学校探しでのトラブル（？）を紹介します。留学を目指す方に参考になれば幸いです。
僕は留学開始する３ヶ月前、つまり2016年4月30日までUNC Charlotteに進学する予定でした。この学校を選んだ理由はモータースポーツドライバーやライダーを支えるアスレチックトレーナーとなるために最も適した環境があると思ったからです。
UNC Charlotteはアメリカの南部で特に人気のモータースポーツNASCARの本拠地に位置し、Program DirectorもNASCARの方と繋がりを持っていました。この学校に進学する以外にはない！と思っていました。
その学校を少しでも早く見たいという思いで4月末にCampus VisitとOpen Houseに行ってきました。留学の３ヶ月前に一度現地に足を運んで、Program Directorに会って話をして、留学開始までの勉強意欲を維持させることが狙いでした。（この意気込みが良くも悪くも思わぬ結果を招くことに。。。笑
さぁ、出発！初の１人アメリカ！
乗り換えでLos Angelsに到着！待ち合わせ時間は１１時間！笑
Charlotteに到着！空港に到着するもCenter City行きのバスが全く分からず立ち往生。笑
無事にUNC Chralotteに到着して1日目はCampus Visitに行ってきました。超広大なキャンパスを歩くことに四苦八苦しました。
とりあえずキャンパスが超広いです！端から端まで歩くと３０分以上はかかります。笑 僕はスーツケースコロコロしながら全部歩きました。笑
2日目はCharlotteのCenter Cityへ行ってNascar hall of fameを見学しました！
Nascar hall of fame前の横断歩道はチェッカーフラッグ！
全米でも２１番目の大都市ということで人で賑わっていました。Bank of Americaの本社があったり、Carolina Panthersのスタジアムがあったりと見所たくさんのCharlotte観光でした！
ここまでは良かったんです。笑
さて、3日目にOpen Houseに行った時にProgram Directorと話す機会がありました。
出国までにメールで単位移行や授業の履修について十分に確認していましたが、直接会って話を聞いて確かめることが目的でした。
面接の時間は３０分ほど取っていただきました。そこで、事件が発生。笑
2016 fallに取得するつもりだったクラスが既に３０人待ちというのです。
メールで散々確認してきたのに、なぜ３０人待ちの事実を教えてくれないんだ？笑 このクラスを取れないと３万７５００ドルほど４年間払うことになる。それはさすがにできない。
もし、campus visitに来なければ 学期が始まる直前に取るべきクラスが取れないという事態になるところでした。そうなってしまったら、取りたいクラスを取れず高い学費を払って泣く泣く学校を変えざるをえなかったでしょう。間一髪で大惨事を逃れました。
（あくまで私の直感ですが）この学校のAthletic TrainingはInternational studentの受け入れに慣れてないので要らぬ苦労をしそうだなと思いました。年間3万７５００ドルを払って学ぶ価値はないな。と思いました。
帰り道の間に、「本当にこの学校で良いのだろうか？」と悩みました。モータースポーツドライバーを支えるトレーナーとなるためには必ずしもUNC Charlotteに留学する必要はないと結論づけました。
（決してUNC Charlotteのprogramを否定しているわけではありません。あくまで私の経験であり、主観的意見です。）
よし、学校変えよう！
残り期間でできる限りの行動を起こして最高の選択をしよう！
と決心したのが帰りの飛行機、日本に到着する直前でした。
5月１週目
学校を探し始めたのですが、２週間ほど全く情報がつかめないまま焦って時間だけが過ぎる日々が続きました。
しかし、立命館大学在学中に得た人脈で良い学校を紹介していただくことができました。
新しい留学先はThe University of Southern Mississippiです。
ATCの方がいらっしゃる留学サポート会社にお世話なります。
学校を選んだ理由は
①締め切りが6月1日だったこと（学校を探し始めたのが5月１週目）。
②学費が比較的安いこと。Internationalで１年９０００ドル程度（UNC Charlotteは１年１８０００ドル）
③日本人ATCがプログラムを修了していること
④南部に位置するので比較的NASCARが人気である事。
が主な理由です。
ちなみに私はUSMで奨学金を得てIn-state tuitionで留学を開始する予定でした。
過去にUSMを修了した日本人ATCもこの奨学金を得て留学していたそうです。
しかし、この奨学金を私は得る事ができませんでした。
理由はSecond Bachelorです。私は立命館大学を卒業してからUSMへ留学します。２つ目の学士、つまりSecond Bachelorを取得する学生に対して奨学金は降ろせないという学校の判断でした。８０００ドルほど授業料が変わるので４年間で３２０００ドルほど差額が出ます。（あくまで私の経験です。全ての方が全ての学校で該当するわけではありません）
これを頼りにしていたので、かなり痛手ですが、嘆いても仕方ないので私はこれからできる事をやっていくのみです。
学士取得後にATC取得を目指して留学する方は奨学金の対象になるかどうか学校側にしっかりと確認してください！
痛い目あいますヨ！笑
そして僕は現在、Master Programへの進学へ向けて準備中です。いろんな学校の条件を比べながら、検討中です。
腰をどっしり落ち着けて勉強したいなぁ。。。笑
でも、常に試されてるからね。置かれた環境でベストを尽くそう！
Low Back Pain – Disc Herniation ,Sciatica – Everything You Need To Know – Dr. Nabil Ebraheim
Spinal cord : ends at level of T12-L1
Conus Medullaris : 脊髄円錐 T12-L1
Cauda Equina :
| 馬尾 |
Nucleus Pulposus : inner
Annulus Fibrous : outer
Herniation of the L5-S1 disc will affect the S1 nerve root
Types of disc herniation include :
①Protrusion / Bulge
②Herniation
③Sequestration : free fragment without tail extending into disc space
incontinence : 自制のできないこと、淫乱(いんらん)、失禁
Typical location of disc herniation
Foraminal : 大後頭孔ヘルニア 椎間孔狭窄
6 Common Misconceptions About Cancer
conspiracy (theory) :
| (徒党を組んだ)陰謀、謀議、陰謀 |
Myth #1 ：サメはガンにかからない＆サメの軟骨組織を貯めればガンが治る
ウソ。
angiogenesis : 血管新生.
tumors need a supply of blood. Cut off the blood supply and you could theoretically starve the tumor.
aflatoxin B1 : アフラトキシン (aflatoxin , AFT) とは、カビ毒（マイコトキシン）の一種でB1、B2、G1、G2を始めとする10数種の関連物質の総称。
shysters : いかさま師、いんちき弁護士
Myth #2 If you have cancer you should avoid eating sugar. ガンにかかったら砂糖を食べないようにするべきだ。
ウソ。直接的な原因にはならない。
not eating sugar doesn’t actually seem to give cancer cells access to less glucose
MYTH #3 : taking a ton of antioxidants will prevent cancer. 抗酸化物質はガンを防ぐ
注意が必要。
nanny : ナニー 《女性名; Ann(e), Anna の愛称》.
Sometimes destructive chemicals called reactive oxygen species get loose in out cells. They damage crucial cellular machinery. DNA damage can lead to cancer
抗酸化物質は活性酸素を中性化する。活性化酸素はDNAにダメージを及ぼす作用があるので抗酸化物質の摂取は効果的。に思えるが、研究ではまだ抗酸化物質がガンの発生率と関連があるかは証明できていないそうです。 抗酸化物質はガンが存在する場合には進行を早める可能性もあるとのこと。
melanoma : メラノーマ、黒色腫
MYTH #4 : Biopsies help cancer spread
dislodge : (…を)移動させる、除去する、追い払う、撃退する
One study of several hundred breast cancer patients showed that about 30% of the time, biopsies did shake loose bits of tumor.
there’s a catch : 落とし穴、問題、難点がある
もちろんミスによってガンの断片も残る可能性はあるが、その小さな断片ではガンは進行することはないそう。
でも、例外のガンがあります。
testicular cancer actually does have a decent chance of spreading after a biopsy.
MYTH #5 : cancer is a modern disease
ウソ。cancer has been found in 3,000 year old human remains & dinosaurs
wood smoke : 木材燃焼煙
MYTH #6 : Cancer is killing more people around the world
ガンが多くの人の命を奪っているように見えるが、多くの要素が複雑に絡み合っていることを理解しなければいけない。栄養環境が整って、医療も充実すれば寿命が延びる。このような環境下においては昔の死因であった餓死などが少なくなる。でも、人間はいずれ死ぬ。
ガンになる原因は山ほどあるのだ。
大腿四頭筋 – 3D anatomy tutorial
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ATC/CSCS for motorsports 